Presented at PowerGen Europe, Cologne (Germany), June 2012

Presented at Russia Power, Moscow (Russia), March 2012

Presented at Russia Power, Moscow (Russia), March 2012

Presented at Russia Power, Moscow (Russia), March 2012 

Presented at PowerGen Middle East, Doha (Quatar), February 2012

Presented at the 19th Symposium of the Industrial Application of Gas Turbines (IAGT) Committee, Banff, Alberta, Canada, October 17-19, 2011 

presented at the 19th Symposium of the Industrial Application of Gas Turbines (IAGT) Committee, Banff, Alberta, Canada, October 17-19, 2011 

Presented at Power Gen Asia, Kuala Lumpur, September 2011

Presented at the 8^th Petronas Turbomachinery Symposium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 9-13, 2011.

presented at Power Gen Europe, Amsterdam, June 2010
This paper describes Siemens’ strategy for development programs and solutions in the area of life-cycle cost reduction for medium-sized gas turbines. The development programs within Siemens are strongly supported by significant service-related R&D investments and include upgrade solutions, repair solutions, life extension programs, new inspection technology and tools, as well as remote monitoring and diagnostics.

presented at ICCI, Turkey, May 2010
Driven not only by economics but also by growing environmental awareness, increased performance and reduced emissions have been the driving forces in gas turbine development in the past decade. To add to the green credential, more and more applications in the industrial gas turbine market are being sought to operate on “green” fuels such as landfill gas or coke-oven gas, thus reducing the carbon footprint of an installation. This presentation discusses gas turbine application in simple cycle as well as combined heat and power application (CHP). It also focuses on achieving a world-beating emissions standard while using non-conventional fuel.

presented at Power Gen India, April 2010
Over the next ten years it is expected that the use of distributed generation will increase between 15 and 30% above the current use of small power units located on or near customer sites. To ensure Siemens products are able to meet this potential growth, improvements have been made to the SGT-100 single shaft gas turbine. Targeting improvements in power, efficiency and environmental benefits, this gas turbine offers significant benefits to both simple-cycle and co-generation efficiency, with achievement levels of over 80% in the case of the latter.

presented at AAPG Int. Conference and Exhibition, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, November 2009
With an experience over 6 million operating hours the Siemens DLE system for 15 - 50 MW gas turbines has proven to have the same availability and operational stability as conventional combustion systems. Critical factors to control in a reliable combustion system are long term combustion stability over the whole load range with different ambient conditions, ability of rapid load changes, combustor life time, and fuel flexibility. This paper covers the DLE development and current status for the Siemens gas turbines SGT-600 (25 MWel), SGT-700 (31 MWel), and SGT-800 (47MWel).

presented at Power Gen Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, October 2009
Continued enhancement of existing OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) products and services is an important part of the OEM’s development efforts. In order to offer, to both future and existing users, gas turbines with high grading for efficiency, reliabi­lity, availability and maintainability at low life-cycle cost, Siemens Energy invests sig­nifi­cantly and with continuity in the development of its products and services. Recently, some of the results of these extensive research and development (R&D) programs have been implemen­ted in the SGT-800 gas turbine and its maintenance. This has resulted not only in a power out­put/efficiency increase from 45 MW/37% to 47 MW/37.5%, but also in a simultane­ous increase of the turbine’s availability of about 1%.

presented Power-Gen Middle East 2009 - Bahrain
This paper outlines the opportunities the use of modern subterranean substations offers the challenges we face. For more than 40 years proven gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) has helped to secure efficient energy supply. Modern subterranean substations have to be „invisible“, i.e. perfectly integrated in the surrounding area. Challenges such as access routes, emission control, fire protection, soil or ground water have to be solved by combining established know-how and experience. Local expertise and partnership are essential for obtaining approval from the respective authorities without problems as well as for on-time completion and reliable long-term operation of the substation.

presented at Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Amsterdam, April 2008
In the 15 years since Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Limited (SITL) introduced a Dry Low Emissions combustion system across the small gas turbine product range, more than 7.5 million operating hours have been accumulated across a wide variety of duties and locations. Initial applications addressed land-based power generation requirements where lower legislated NOx requirements were identified.  Applications for onshore and offshore mechanical drive and power generation duty followed with low emissions driven by legislative means as well as customer focus. This paper describes several of the activities completed over the years to keep the DLE capability on the Siemens SITL product range at the forefront of technology.

presented at Power-Gen Asia 2008 - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
A four-year development project has been performed with the aim of enhancing knowledge of the SGT-600 lifting status, by mapping temperatures. One outcome of the project is that blade 3 turned out to have 50% longer life than previously predicted. This and other conclusions will result in updated cycle-based maintenance plans, performance and design optimization, improvements of the Condition Based Maintenance product and possible extensions of the Time between Overhaul.

presented at Power-Gen Asia 2008 - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Siemens experience with fuels combusted in heavy duty gas turbines is based on the existing Siemens and former Westinghouse fleet. Commercial and environmental requirements were successfully met. These gas turbine product lines are capable of firing natural gas, fuel oil, syngas, low-BTU gas, naphtha, crude oil and other fuels. This paper focuses on the major non-standard fuels.

presented at ASME, Berlin, June 2008
Maintaining high levels of availability and reliability are essential objectives for many industries, especially those that are subject to high costs due to shutdowns of critical systems, e.g. gas turbines. With the new CAMP approach, the maintenance strategy is to reach a Retirement For Cause (RFC) strategy, where components are not replaced until a potential failure has been detected. This paper describes the model, gathering and processing of information, risk assessment performance and the result from an optimization which groups maintenance actions as a result of customer prioritized demands. It also describes the software layout and how it is used.

presented at ASME TURBO, Berlin, Germany, June 2008 (Copyright ASME)
Mid-2007 Siemens introduced an enhanced SGT-800 gas turbine. The new power rating is 47MW at 37.5% electrical efficiency in open cycle (ISO). Four components in the gas turbine are modified and are fully interchangeable between the existing 45MW and the new 47MW rating. Improved cooling designs were introduced in the turbine stages #1 and #2 requiring no change to the casting design. The only modification is to the machining of the parts and to the guide vane cooling inserts and impingement screens. The first SGT-800 with 47MW rating was successfully tested during the autumn of 2006 and the expected performance figures were confirmed

presented at ASME, Berlin, June 2008 (Copyright ASME)
Power Generation and Oil & Gas markets are dynamic with continuously growing requirements on gas turbines for high reliability and availability and low emissions and life-cycle cost. In order to meet these growing requirements on the gas turbines, the OEM should sustain continued product improvement and employment of innovative solutions and technologies in the area of design, operation and maintenance. This paper describes the successful development and operation experiences of Siemens’ medium size 25-MW gas turbine SGT-600.

presented at Power-Gen International 2008 - Orlando, Florida
Siemens Power Generation combustion technology has under-gone a significant transformation over the past 20 years. Evolv-ing from the 1980's diffusion flame combustor technology, whicproduces a very stable flame, but is associated with relatively higher levels of emissions output of some constituents, SiemensPower Generation incorporated material and technological design advancements, industry-leading design engineers, and state ofthe art design tools to develop a successful Dry Low NOx (DLNcombustion system in the 1990's. Dry Low NOx technology pro-vides reduced NOx emissions through a staged combustion process and unique temperature and heat release strategy. This fostage premixed combustion process is designed to produce rable and stable combustion, with lower level emissions and is currently installed in over 100 Siemens GT's.

presented at Power-Gen International 2008 - Orlando, Florida
The US gas turbine (GT) power generation market has seen significant volatility inrecent years. The trend is likely to continue given the changing environmental conditions:climatic changes, natural gas prices, nuclear and coal power generation. Thisvolatility has required many gas turbine operators, who normally operated on a continuousbasis (base load) to operate in an intermittent dispatch mode which hascaused some operators to frequently shut down their units. This frequent cycling ofunits increases start-up and maintenance costs. It would be beneficial to these plantsto operate at lower loads when power demand is low and ramp up to higher loads asdemand increases.

presented at Power-Gen International 2008 - Orlando, Florida
The SGT6-5000F engine has demonstrated an exceptional operational record over a 15-year, 4.7+ million fleet hour history. Since its introduction in 1993, this F-Class gas turbine has undergone continuous development to improve performance, reliabil-ity and operational flexibility and to reduce emissions and life cycle costs. The result is a gas turbine with an excellent operational record and customer value. In 2008, Siemens Energy started production of the latest upgraded version of the SGT6-5000F. The capabilities of this newest offering include a dual-fuel gas turbine which can deliver 150MW of power to the grid within 10 minutes, Ultra Low NOx combus-tion system (9ppm) and hot gas path components designed for extended mainte-nance intervals. This paper describes the technological advances now available in the SGT6-5000F gas turbine which will further improve performance, reliability, op-erational flexibility and customer value.

presented at PowerGen 2006 - Orlando, Florida
This paper describes more than 3 million hours of fleet operational experience by the successful SGT6-5000F gas turbine. This 200 MW class gas turbine has been applied in peaking, intermediate and base load operational modes since its introduction in 1991. The 192 engines in operation have accumulated an impressive operational record. The continuous development efforts to improve its performance, operational flexibility and RAM, and to reduce emissions, operation and maintenance costs and capital costs have enhanced the SGT6-5000F and its value to current and future users. In addition to providing an overview of operational case histories with details on operating hours and starts, this paper describes developments in service interval extension, trip factor reduction, fast start capability, 9 ppm NOx combustion system development and low load turndown improvements. Recent developments of SGT6-5000F adaptation to Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant application and combustion system validation for liquefied.

presented at PowerGen 2006 - Orlando, Florida
In 1997 the market requirement for a 30 MW industrial gas turbine was identified and an intensive development was started, targeting an uprate of the twin shaft SGT-600 (formerly GT10B) at 25 MW to create a gas turbine in the 30 MW range. The concept was based on the well-proven SGT-600 but with third-generation DLE (Dry Low Emissions) combustion technology from the SGT-800. The commercial launch of the 30 MW unit took place in 1999 and the validation of the 30 MW unit started in 2001. Until today (September 2006) a total of 15 units have been sold. This paper describes the testing and verification of Siemens gas turbine SGT-700 (formerly GT10C) and the first phase of operation experience from this frame. Erection, commissioning and the first 10 000 hours in commercial operation will be summarized.

presented at Power Gen Middle East 2006, Dubai, UAE
This paper reports on the experience from the first 28,000 operating hours of the first seven 29MW SGT-700 gas turbines to be delivered for power generation and mechanical drive applications. High reliability and availability are reported together with other data from the extended first level inspections with the fleet leaders.

presented at POWER-GEN Europe 2006, Cologne, Germany
The blades and blade attachments in a steam turbine belong to the most-highly stressedcomponents in a turbine/generator. The high turbine speed (3000 rpm) and the dead weight ofthe blades means that the last-stage blades in a steam turbine are subjected to enormouscentrifugal forces during plant operation. The roots on such blades are designed and calculatedusing the most up-to-date methods to allow them to accommodate these high loads. Particularlyduring transient loading conditions (startup and shutdown processes) certain areas of the bladeroots and blade attachment grooves are subjected to high stressing.

presented at Power Gen Europe 2006, Cologne, Germany
This paper describes the experience with the unique DLE (Dry Low Emission) combustion system which was introduced in 1991 into the SGT-600 25MW gas turbine (then called GT10B). Recently this fleet passed the milestone of 3.5 million accumulated operating hours. Measures include an optional combustion by-pass system and the development of a specific calibration procedure as part of pre-delivery quality control.

presented at POWER-GEN Europe 2006, Cologne, Germany
The worldwide demand for power grows faster than the world population. SIEMENS Power Generation develops and builds combined cycle (gas and steam) power plants and power plant components for all energy resources. SIEMENS gas turbines are renowned for their high availability and reliability as well as high power output at low emissions.
With a lifetime expectancy of a combined cycle power station of 30 to 40 years, the gas tur-bine by far exceeds the design lifetime. Essential components of the SIEMENS VX4.2, VX4.3 and VX4.3A gas turbines - especially the components of the hot gas path and rotor – are designed for an operating time of 100,000 equivalent operating hours (EOH, for short) or 3,000 starts. Well founded and realistic lifetime concepts are required to keep the costs over the entire lifetime to a minimum.

presented at ICCI 2006, Istanbul, Turkey
This paper describes the development steps of the advanced industrial gas turbine SGT-800 (former GTX100) - including initial driving factors, selection of design principles, performance & emission data, features &benefits, validation testing and commercial introduction.
It also highlights the experience and status of the current fleet of plants in commercial operation as well as results from the latest inspections, carried out during year 2004/2005.

presented at POWER-GEN Europe 2006, Cologne, Germany
Emissions management for single plant is dependent on the complexity of the CO2calculations and the emissions caps imposed by the governmental or the local stateregulator. Different European countries have imposed contrasting data quality constraints.E.g. In the Netherlands spreadsheet cannot be used for data processing but for most othercountries verifiers and regulations have been less stringent.

2006
In a market where requirements and the operational environment for plant are changing ratherrapidly compared to former years, flexibility is one key driver for business success. Besides therequirement for high performance and high availability to achieve low life cycle cost, flexibility inthe plant operations and maintenance are strong drivers.
This paper presents two Siemens PG developments for increased flexibility to support ourcustomers in successful competition in the power market.
Starting with a short description of the market requirements driving flexibility demand and a roughsketch of the Siemens Reference Power Plant philosophy two exemplary Siemens solutions forflexibility needs are presented.

presented at ASME 2006, Barcelona, Spain
In land-based gas turbines, thermal barrier coatings are used for thermal insulation of hot components (combustor, turbine vanes and to some extent blades). The thermal barrier maintains the metal temperature of a coated component at moderate temperature levels during turbine operation. Coating integrity must be maintained, putting forward demands on a reliable assessment of coating life. This paper studies plasma-sprayed NiCoCrAlY and NiCrAlY bond coats with an yttria partially stabilised zirconia top coat. A fatigue life prediction model has been used based on a Paris law-approach.

presented at ASME 2006, Barcelona, Spain
A blading design optimization system has been developed using an aeromechanical approach and harmonic perturbation method. The developed system has the capability to optimize aero-thermal performance with constraints of mechanical and aeromechanical integrity at the same time. ‘Aerodynamic mode shape’ is introduced to describe geometry deformation which can effectively reduce the number of design parameters while preserving surface smoothness. Compared to the existing design optimization practices, the present system is simpler, more accurate and effective.

This paper analyses the fundamental processes are in order to identify the key processes. The representation of these processes is then simplified, based on a clear set of assumptions. The result is a tractable model, which requires empiricism to deliver quantitative predictions. The model described here focuses on natural gas operation.
The approach however can be applied to other gaseous fuels and can be extended to DLE liquid fuelled operation.The paper addresses the NOx formation process and describes key parameters such as the NOx formation kinetics and the impact of unmixedness. The NOx model is then derived and evaluated using high pressure rig data.

presented at 17th International Symposium on Airbreathing Engines 2005, Munich, Germany
A new test facility has been built at Siemens in Finspong for aero- and thermodynamic investigation of the parameters defining nozzle guide vane endwall heat transfer.The overall objective of the work is to evaluate the heat transfer pattern on a master configuration end wall of a nozzle guide vane, which is used to validate a 3D Navier-Stokes CFD flow field and heat transfer calculation.

presented at the 6th Annual Australian Gas Turbines Conference, 2005, Brisbane, Australia
This paper describes the development steps of the advanced industrial gas turbine SGT-800 (former GTX100) - including initial driving factors, selection of design principles, performance & emission data, features/benefits, validation testing and commercial introduction.
It also highlights the experience and status of the current fleet of plants in commercial operation as well as results from the latest inspections, carried out during year 2004/2005.

presented at Asme Turbo Expo 2005, Reno, Nevada, USA
The dual fuel dry low emissions combustor is applied across the range of small industrial gas turbines. In gas operation, the newest machines, the Tempest and the Cyclone, can operate at <10ppm NOx. Stringent targets - to reduce emissions still further whilst still meeting all other specifications, such as required life, availability, robustness and cost - necessitate a greater understanding of the fundamental processes of turbulent fluid dynamics, chemistry, thermoacoustics and their complex interactions, as well as their impact on combustor and related components. This paper presents findings from the low NOx development program. Focus is confined to the analysis of NOx formation, in particular the identification of the NOx formation kinetics and the impact of turbulence/chemistry interactions.

presented at Asme Turbo Expo 2005, Reno, Nevada, USA
A new high AN2 last LP stage turbine has been developed to provide leading performance for turbomachines in the 21st Century. It required a multi-disciplinary design approach involving aerodynamics, new materials (forged 3rd generation gamma-TiAl alloy), mechanics (stress and vibration) and new manufacturing technologies. This paper presents details of the novel approaches used for the design, including preliminary optimization, blading design and results from multistage 3D viscous predictions.

presented at Asme Turbo Expo 2005, Reno, Nevada, USA
Lower NOx emission from gas turbine combustion systems can be achieved through reducing the equivalence ratio of the main reaction zone and/or increasing the burner pressure drop. This strategy however takes pressure drop and/or air away from the combustor cooling, thereby compromising the combustor life. In order to achieve an optimum design that is a good compromise between low emissions and long component life, accurate heat transfer prediction is essential. This paper reports on combustion tests conducted at gas turbine operating conditions, where pressure dynamics have been controlled by altering combustor operating conditions and through the use of a siren placed in the upstream air flow.

presented at POWER-GEN International 2005Wet compression technology has been successfully installed on over 40 combustion turbines around the world. Wet compression systems have been justified due to the significant power gains achieved. What has not been discussed is the impact this technology has on the efficiency (heat rate), emissions and reliability of the combustion turbine.
This paper presents computational and field data that illustrates that there is more to gain than merely addition power output. Experience will be drawn from all types of combustion turbines: aeroderivitive, mature and advanced. The information will be presented in a format that will accurately depict all the benefits of wet compression technology allowing users to fully understand these benefits.

presented at POWER-GEN International 2005
In recent years significant changes in the business relationships between customers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) could be observed in the power industry, which led to new forms of cooperation between those partners. Remote online monitoring is one important outcome of this development.
After a basic research phase to select the best technologies available, Siemens Power Generation (PG) decided to establish a pilot remote monitoring center in Orlando, Florida, in late 1999. Since that time, the remote monitoring of Siemens’ advanced gas turbine / combined cycle fleet has been largely extended, primarily focusing on long term maintenance contracts (Long Term Programs - LTPs). Continuous remote online monitoring was officially introduced in February 2002 as “Power Diagnostics® Services” (PDS) to enable both customers and OEM to mitigate risk on a 24/7 basis. In the following chapters the Power Diagnostics® concept, infrastructure, and applied tools will be presented, along with some typical findings which actually prove the concept of risk mitigation, creating a win-win situation for both customers and OEM.

presented at POWER-GEN International 2005
This paper describes the U.S. market conditions in which the SGT6-6000G was designed and its evolution to accommodate the current and future market requirements. The U.S. market drivers during the SGT6-6000G design were deregulation and replacing the old base load generation, such as old coal plants, with high efficiency/output power and low emissions combined cycle plants. The SGT6-6000G was originally designed primarily for base load operation, but also with sufficient cyclic life margin on its critical components to make it inherently suitable for cyclic operation.

presented at Power Gen Asia 2005
Incremental improvements of the combustion aerodynamics reflect the potential towards lower emissions, higher operational flexibility and even further enhanced performance. The paper will conclude with a review of the latest SGT5-4000F operating experience, including demonstrated customer benefits from the further refinement of the combustion system.

presented at Power Gen Europe 2005
This paper describes the latest evolutionary step of the largest Siemens gas turbine – the SGT5-4000F, formerly known as V94.3A – along with the associated commercial operating experience. Adhering to its proven and mature design, the performance characteristics of the SGT5-4000F have been enhanced, resulting in higher component efficiencies due to better compressor and turbine aerodynamics and in greater gas turbine output.

presented at Electric Power 2004, Baltimore
The authors’ companies have collaborated to develop an advanced oil seal assembly for hydrogen-cooled generators. This new technology addresses our industry’s needs to reduce oil and hydrogen consumption, improve seal life, and upgrade existing seal technology.

presented at Power-Gen Europe 2004
Stricter emissions legislation over the past 15 years has led to the development of Dry Low Emissions (DLE) combustion systems on gas turbines to minimise the emissions to atmosphere of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). These DLE combustion systems have gained considerable experience on premium fuels such as pipeline quality natural gas and No. 2 diesel. However, concern over Greenhouse Gas emissions and rising prices of premium quality gas fuels has led to renewed interest in the use of poorer quality gases for power generation.

presented at Power-Gen Europe 2004
Ten years ago Gas Turbine (GT) Diagnostic Systems were ordered in less then 10 % of new units. Today this has changed dramatically; almost all newly ordered gas turbines are equipped with at least a basic Diagnostic System. A main reason is the constantly progressing gas turbine technology.

presented at Power-Gen Europe 2004
A continuous development process driven by both the new units market and the service modernization market has resulted in two gas turbine models that have demonstrated their outstanding capabilities in worldwide applications over the past 23 years. These applications include single- and multi-shaft combined cycle, simple cycle, cogeneration and integrated coal gasification combined cycle. In the case of the V94.2 gas turbine, incremental design improvements have increased output and efficiency from initially 112 MW/31% to 163 MW/34.5%. The performance evolution of the V84.2 is similar. During the last five years service modernization products have also contributed to design advancements for the new units market.

presented at Power-Gen Europe 2004
In modern gas turbine engines, higher and higher turbine inlet temperature is used in order to increase the efficiency. To achieve a high benefit from increased temperature level it is necessary to minimise the amount of cooling air, which reduces the thermal cycle efficiency. The difficulty in turbine design is to find the optimal path to increase the efficiency without sacrificing the component lifetimes.

presented at ASME Turbo Expo 2004, Vienna, Austria
Recent work within DDIT has shown that Ni base superalloys like HAYNES230, Co base superalloys like HAYNES188, super stainless steels like HAYNES HR-120, and stainless steels like 253MA are similar from a materials modelling point of view. They are austenitic, delivered solutioned, and precipitate secondary carbides and other brittle phases in service and during cyclic tests at elevated temperature.

presented at ASME Turbo Expo 2004, Vienna, Austria
The airflow field and spray characteristics from an air blast type of injector in an industrial gas turbine (GT) combustor geometry have been investigated experimentally and numerically. The studied injector is a conventional liquid fuel injector used in the industrial gas turbine GT10B. The flame in the current combustor is stabilized by a highly swirling flow.

presented at ASME Turbo Expo 2004, Vienna, Austria
A computational study is carried out on the influence of turbine inlet temperature distortion (hot streak). The hot streak effects are examined from both aeromechanical (forced blade vibration) and aero-thermal (heat transfer) points of view.